Spinal manipulation, which chiropractors call “spinal adjustment” or “chiropractic adjustment”, is the most common treatment used in chiropractic care; in the U.S., chiropractors perform over 90% of all manipulative treatments. Spinal manipulation is a passive manual maneuver during which a three-joint complex is taken past the normal range of movement, but not so far as to dislocate or damage the joint; its defining factor is a dynamic thrust, which is a sudden force that causes an audible release and attempts to increase a joint’s range of motion. Neck manipulations are high-velocity, short-lever thrusts with rotation beyond the physiological range of motion. More generally, spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) describes techniques where the hands are used to manipulate, massage, mobilize, adjust, stimulate, apply traction to, or otherwise influence the spine and related tissues.

There are several schools of chiropractic adjustive techniques, although most chiropractors mix techniques from several schools. The following adjustive procedures were received by more than 10% of patients of licensed U.S. chiropractors in a 2003 survey: Diversified technique (full-spine manipulation, employing various techniques), extremity adjusting, Activator technique (which uses a spring loaded tool to deliver precise adjustments to the spine), Thompson Technique (which relies on a drop table and detailed procedural protocols), Gonstead (which emphasizes evaluating the spine along with specific adjustment that avoids rotational vectors), Cox/flexion-distraction (a gentle, low-force adjusting procedure which mixes chiropractic with osteopathic principles and utilizes specialized adjusting tables with movable parts), adjustive instrument, Sacro-Occipital Technique (which models the spine as a torsion bar), Nimmo Receptor-Tonus Technique, Applied Kinesiology (which emphasises “muscle testing” as a diagnostic tool), and cranial. Medicine-assisted manipulation, such as manipulation under anesthesia, involves sedation or local anesthetic and is done by a team that includes an anesthesiologist; a 2008 systematic review did not find enough evidence to make recommendations about its use for chronic low back pain.

Many other procedures are used by chiropractors for treating the spine, other joints and tissues, and general health issues. The following procedures were received by more than one-third of patients of licensed U.S. chiropractors in a 2003 survey: Diversified technique (full-spine manipulation; mentioned in previous paragraph), physical fitness/exercise promotion, corrective or therapeutic exercise, ergonomic/postural advice, self-care strategies, activities of daily living, changing risky/unhealthy behaviors, nutritional/dietary recommendations, relaxation/stress reduction recommendations, ice pack/cryotherapy, extremity adjusting (also mentioned in previous paragraph), trigger point therapy, and disease prevention/early screening advice.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Chiropractic, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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General

SRIs can induce a wide range of psychological and physiological effects, including the following:

; Psychological

* A general and subjective alteration in consciousness

* Sedation or drowsiness

* Somnolence or sleepiness

* Fatigue or lethargy

* Malaise or lassitude

* Agitation or restlessness

* Akathisia or unpleasant sensations of “inner restlessness” and inability to sit still or remain motionless

* Decreased alertness, awareness, and wakefulness

* Impaired attention, focus, and concentration

* Decreased drive and motivation

* Cognitive and memory impairment

* Antidepressant benefits or mood lift

* Anxiolysis and/or stress reduction

* Apathy and/or anhedonia or emotional blunting

* Euphoria and/or dysphoria

* Antiaggressive or serenic effects, or even entactogen qualities

* Vivid, bizarre, or strange dreams, or a suppression of dreaming

* Psychedelia, consisting of mental imagery, auditory and visual hallucinations and distortions, and synesthesia

* Paradoxical exacerbation of depression and/or anxiety, as well as suicidal ideation, though usually only acute in nature

; Physiological

* Dizziness, lightheadedness, or vertigo

* Blurry vision and/or nystagmus or involuntary and rapid eye movements

* Mydriasis or pupil dilation

* Xerostomia or dry mouth

* Nausea and/or emesis or vomiting

* Gastrointestinal disturbances such as diarrhea and/or constipation

* Headache or migraine

* Photosensitivity or increased risk of sunburn

* Trismus or jaw clenching and/or bruxism or teeth grinding

* Trembling, shakiness, or muscle temors

* Restless legs syndrome (RLS)

* Antidiuretic effects and/or ischuria or urinary retention or difficulting urinating

* Sexual dysfunction, consisting of diminished libido, soft erections or erectile dysfunction, and anorgasmia or inability to ejaculate

* Anorexia or decreased appetite and subsequent weight loss

* Insomnia or inability to fall asleep

* Analgesia or pain relief

* Hypertension or increased blood pressure

* Tachycardia or increased heart rate

* Hyperthermia or increased body temperature

* Hyperhidrosis or increased perspiration or sweating

* Autonomic dysfunction such as orthostatic hypotension

* Hyponatremia or a water-electrolyte imbalance

* Liver or kidney dysfunction, toxicity, or failure

; Miscellaneous

* Decreased drug cravings and/or addiction

* Drug tolerance with time and/or chronic administration, potentially resulting in dependence

* Drug interactions such as abolished effects from serotonin releasing agents (SRAs) like MDMA (“Ecstasy”)

It should be noted, however, that many of these effects are dependent on whether the administration of the SRI is acute or chronic. As an example, acute ingestion typically does not result in a mood lift, and chronic administration usually does not result in any sort of psychedelia whatsoever. Additionally, many of these properties are also dependent on whether the SRI in question is capable of crossing the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Those that do not will only produce peripheral effects.

Overdose

At very high doses characterized by overdose, serotonin syndrome may develop, resulting in symptoms including the following:

; Psychological

* Disorientation and/or confusion

* Anxiety, paranoia, and/or panic attacks

* Hypervigilance or increased sensitivity to perceptual stimuli, accompanied by significantly increased threat detection

* Hypomania or full-blown mania

* Derealization and/or depersonalization

* Hallucinations and/or perceptual disturbances

; Physiological

* Myoclonus or involuntary and intense muscle twitching

* Hyperreflexia or overresponsive or overreactive reflexes

* Tachypnoea or rapid breathing

* Chest pain and/or pulmonary hypertension (PH)

* Severe hyperthermia, potentially resulting in organ failure

; Miscellaneous

* Syncope or fainting or loss of consciousness

* Seizures or convulsions

* Organ failure (as mentioned above)

* Neurotoxicity or brain damage

* Coma and/or death

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Serotonin reuptake inhibitor, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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“One can conclude that the ability to effectively deal with emotions and emotional information in the workplace assists employees in managing occupational stress and maintaining psychological well-being. This indicates that stress reduction and health protection could be achieved not only by decreasing work demands (stressors), but also by increasing the personal resources of employees, including emotional intelligence. The increasing of EI skills (empathy, impulse control) necessary for successful job performance can help workers to deal more effectively with their feelings, and thus directly decrease the level of job stress and indirectly protect their health” (Oginska-Bulik, 2005).

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Emotions in the workplace, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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GRIs can induce a wide range of psychological and physiological effects, including a general and subjective alteration in consciousness, dizziness, blurry vision, diplopia or double vision, nystagmus or involuntary eye movements, amblyopia or “lazy eye”, tinnitus or “ear ringing”, sedation, drowsiness or somnolence, narcolepsy, tiredness or weakness, fatigue or lethargy, aches and pains, headache, nausea and vomiting, gastrointestinal disturbances, shakiness, disorientation, diminished awareness, impaired attention, focus, and concentration, decreased drive and motivation, stuttering and slurring of speech, confusion, cognitive and memory impairment, mood lift or drop, depression, anxiolysis, disinhibition, stress reduction, euphoria or dysphoria, irritability, aggression, anger or rage, increased appetite and subsequent weight gain, ataxia or impaired coordination and balance, muscle relaxation, trembling or muscle tremors and spasms, paresthesia or “pins and needles”, analgesia, respiratory depression, and dyspnea or shortness of breath, among others.

It should be noted, however, that many of these properties are dependent on whether the GRI in question is capable of crossing the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Those that do not will only produce peripheral effects.

Overdose

At very high doses characterized by overdose, a number of symptoms may come to prominence, including severe cognitive deficit to the point of acute retardation, anterograde or retrograde amnesia, drooling, piloerection or “goose bumps”, agitation or restlessness, flailing, thrashing, and screaming, unintentional or accidental injury, delirium, hallucinations, myoclonus, dystonia, paralysis, stupor, faintness or loss of consciousness, seizures or convulsions, status epilepticus, coma, and respiratory arrest or cessation of breathing, potentially resulting in date rape, hospitalization, brain damage, and/or death.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article GABA reuptake inhibitor, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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General

DRIs can induce a wide range of psychological and physiological effects, including the following:

; Psychological

* A general and subjective alteration in consciousness

* Stimulation, arousal, and hyperactivity

* Increased alertness, awareness, and wakefulness

* Increased energy and endurance

* Agitation or restlessness

* Enhanced attention, focus, and concentration

* Increased desire, drive, and motivation

* Improved cognition, memory, and learning

* Goal-oriented thoughts or organized behavior

* Rapid speech and/or racing thoughts

* Antidepressant benefits or mood lift

* Euphoria and/or rushes of pleasure

* Anxiolysis and/or stress reduction

* Sociability and/or talkativeness, as well as enhanced charisma and/or humor

* Increased self-confidence, arrogance, and/or egotism

* Feelings of power, grandiosity, and superiority

* Irritability, aggression, anger and/or rage

* Impulsivity or impetuousness

* Hypersexuality and aphrodisiac effects

; Physiological

* Dizziness, lightheadedness, or vertigo

* Mydriasis or pupil dilation

* Xerostomia or dry mouth

* Nausea and/or emesis or vomiting

* Gastrointestinal disturbances such as diarrhea and/or constipation

* Headache or migraine

* Trembling, shakiness, or muscle tremors

* Anorexia or decreased appetite and subsequent weight loss

* Insomnia or inability to fall asleep

* Analgesia or pain relief

* Hypertension or increased blood pressure

* Tachycardia or increased heart rate

* Hyperthermia or increased body temperature

* Hyperhidrosis or increased perspiration or sweating

; Miscellaneous

* Increased or decreased drug cravings and/or addiction (depending on the setting and usage)

* Drug tolerance with time and/or chronic administration, potentially resulting in dependence

* Drug interactions such as abolished effects from dopamine releasing agents like amphetamine

It should be noted, however, that many of these properties are dependent on whether the DRI in question is capable of crossing the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Those that do not will only produce peripheral effects.

Overdose

At very high doses and/or with chronic administration characterized by overdose, stimulant psychosis may develop, the symptoms of which can include the following:

; Psychological

* Disorientation and/or confusion

* Anxiety, severe paranoia, and/or panic attacks

* Hypervigilance or increased sensitivity to perceptual stimuli, accompanied by significantly increased threat detection

* Hypomania or full-blown mania

* Derealization and/or depersonalization

* Hallucinations and/or delusions

* Thought disorder or disorganized thinking

* Cognitive and memory impairment potentially to the point of retrograde or anterograde amnesia

* Delirium and/or insanity

; Physiological

* Myoclonus or involuntary and intense muscle twitching

* Hyperreflexia or overresponsive/overreactive reflexes

; Miscellaneous

* Syncope or fainting or loss of consciousness

* Seizures or convulsions

* Neurotoxicity or brain damage

* Coma and/or death

Additionally, potential incarceration, hospitalization, institutionalization, and/or death, on account of extreme erratic behavior which may include acts of crime, assault, accidental or intentional self-injury, and/or suicide, as well as illicit drug abuse, may ensue under such circumstances.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Dopamine reuptake inhibitor, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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