Serotonin

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Axis

Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis – Research

Experimental studies have investigated many different types of stress, and their effects on the HPA axis in many different circumstances. Stressors can be of many different types – in experimental studies in rats, a distinction is often made between “social stress” and “physical stress”, but both types activate the HPA axis, though via different pathways. [...]

Physiological Stress

Zinc deficiency – Animals

Description Hypozincemia is a condition where insufficient zinc is available for metabolic needs. Prevalence In fact, one-third of the world population is at risk of zinc deficiency, ranging from 4 to 73% depending on the country. Zinc deficiency is the fifth leading risk factor for disease in the developing world. Providing micronutrients, including zinc, to [...]

Physiological Stress

Physical exercise – Benefits

Physical exercise is important for maintaining physical fitness and can contribute positively to maintaining a healthy weight, building and maintaining healthy bone density, muscle strength, and joint mobility, promoting physiological well-being, reducing surgical risks, and strengthening the immune system. Exercise also reduces levels of cortisol. Cortisol is a stress hormone that builds fat in the [...]

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Axis

Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis – Research

Experimental studies have investigated many different types of stress, and their effects on the HPA axis in many different circumstances. Stressors can be of many different types – in experimental studies in rats, a distinction is often made between “social stress” and “physical stress”, but both types activate the HPA axis, though via different pathways. [...]

Psychological Stress

Kappa Opioid receptor – Role in treatment of drug addiction

κ-Opioid agonists have recently been investigated for their therapeutic potential in the treatment of addiction and evidence points towards dynorphin, the endogenous κ-opioid agonist, to be the body’s natural addiction control mechanism. Childhood stress/abuse is a well known predictor of drug abuse and is reflected in alterations of the μ- and κ-opioid systems. In experimental [...]

Psychological Stress

Causes of mental disorders – Individual characteristics

Mental characteristics of individuals, as assessed by both neurological and psychological studies, have been linked to the development and maintenance of mental disorders. This includes cognitive or neurocognitive factors, such as the way a person perceives, thinks or feels about certain things; or an individual’s overall personality, temperament or coping style or the extent of [...]

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Axis

Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis – Research

Experimental studies have investigated many different types of stress, and their effects on the HPA axis in many different circumstances. Stressors can be of many different types – in experimental studies in rats, a distinction is often made between “social stress” and “physical stress”, but both types activate the HPA axis, though via different pathways. [...]

Physiological Stress

Methamphetamine – Pharmacology

A member of the family of phenethylamines, methamphetamine is chiral, with two isomers, levorotary and dextrorotatory. The levorotary form, called levomethamphetamine, is an over-the-counter drug used in inhalers for nasal decongestion. Levomethamphetamine does not possess any significant central nervous system activity or addictive properties. This article deals only with the dextrorotatory form, called dextromethamphetamine, and [...]

Mind Control And Stress

Causes of schizophrenia – Neural processes

Structural Studies have tended to show various subtle average differences in the volume of certain areas of brain structure between people with and without diagnoses of schizophrenia, although it has become increasingly clear that there is no single pathological neuropsychological or structural neuroanatomic profile, due partly to heterogeneity within the disorder. The most consistent volumetric [...]

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Axis

Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis – Research

Experimental studies have investigated many different types of stress, and their effects on the HPA axis in many different circumstances. Stressors can be of many different types – in experimental studies in rats, a distinction is often made between “social stress” and “physical stress”, but both types activate the HPA axis, though via different pathways. [...]

Physiological Stress

Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency – Mechanism

GABA is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It modulates the activity of several neurotransmitters including dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. GABA is synthesized in a single step from its precursor glutamate by glutamic acid decarboxylase. GABA is metabolized by successive transamination and oxidation to yield succinic semialdehyde and succinic acid respectively via [...]

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Axis

Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis – Research

Experimental studies have investigated many different types of stress, and their effects on the HPA axis in many different circumstances. Stressors can be of many different types – in experimental studies in rats, a distinction is often made between “social stress” and “physical stress”, but both types activate the HPA axis, though via different pathways. [...]